Verb tenses
Verb forms appear in every part of the TCF Canada and TEF Canada: grammar questions, reading and especially writing and speaking.
Go to the 12 exercisesPassé composé vs imparfait
- Use the passé composé for finished actions that happen at a precise moment or in a sequence.
- Use the imparfait for descriptions, habits and background situations in the past.
- Learners often use the passé composé for everything.
- A useful test: if the action interrupts something, it is passé composé; if it was in progress or repeated, it is imparfait.
Examples
Il pleuvait quand je suis sorti.
It was raining when I went out.
Quand j'étais enfant, je jouais dehors tous les jours.
When I was a child, I played outside every day.
Hier, elle a appelé le médecin puis elle est partie.
Yesterday, she called the doctor and then left.
Nous habitions à Lyon quand j'ai trouvé ce travail.
We were living in Lyon when I found this job.
Auxiliaries être and avoir, and agreement
- Most verbs use avoir in the passé composé.
- Use être with about fifteen verbs of movement or change (aller, venir, arriver, partir, entrer, sortir, naître, mourir...) and with all reflexive verbs.
- With être, the past participle agrees with the subject like an adjective.
- A common mistake is saying 'j'ai allé' instead of 'je suis allé'.
- With avoir, the participle does not agree with the subject.
Examples
Elle est arrivée hier soir.
She arrived last night.
Ils sont partis très tôt.
They left very early.
Nous nous sommes levés à six heures.
We got up at six o'clock.
Elles ont acheté une voiture.
They bought a car.
Futur simple and futur proche
- The futur proche (aller + infinitive) describes something about to happen or a clear plan: 'Je vais partir'.
- The futur simple (infinitive + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont) is used for more distant plans, promises and predictions, and after 'si' + present.
- Remember irregular stems: ser-, aur-, fer-, ir-, viendr-, pourr-.
- Learners often forget the r, for example 'je parlerai', not 'je parlai'.
Examples
Regarde ce ciel, il va pleuvoir.
Look at this sky, it is going to rain.
L'année prochaine, je passerai mon permis.
Next year, I will take my driving test.
Si tu viens, nous irons au musée.
If you come, we will go to the museum.
Je vais t'appeler dans cinq minutes.
I am going to call you in five minutes.
Conditionnel: politeness and hypothesis
- The conditionnel présent uses the future stem with imparfait endings (-ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient).
- Use it to be polite ('je voudrais', 'pourriez-vous') and to talk about hypotheses with 'si' + imparfait.
- Never put the conditionnel after 'si': say 'si j'avais le temps, je voyagerais', not 'si j'aurais'.
- It also reports uncertain news in the press.
Examples
Je voudrais réserver une table pour deux personnes.
I would like to book a table for two.
Pourriez-vous répéter, s'il vous plaît ?
Could you repeat, please?
Si j'avais plus de temps, je ferais du sport.
If I had more time, I would play sports.
Il y aurait environ mille personnes à la manifestation.
There would be about a thousand people at the demonstration.
Subjonctif présent
- The subjonctif is used after expressions of necessity, wish, emotion and doubt, and after some conjunctions.
- Typical triggers are il faut que, je veux que, je souhaite que, il est important que, avant que, pour que and bien que.
- Form: take the ils stem of the present tense and add -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent.
- Irregular: être (sois), avoir (aie), aller (aille), faire (fasse), pouvoir (puisse).
- Do not use it when the subject is the same: 'je veux partir'.
Examples
Il faut que tu finisses ce dossier avant lundi.
You must finish this file before Monday.
Je veux que vous veniez à l'heure.
I want you to come on time.
Bien qu'il soit fatigué, il continue de travailler.
Although he is tired, he keeps working.
Il est important que nous sachions la vérité.
It is important that we know the truth.
Impératif and common irregular verbs
- The imperative has three forms: tu, nous, vous, without subject pronoun.
- For -er verbs, the tu form loses its s: 'parle', 'va'.
- Pronouns follow the verb in positive orders ('dépêche-toi') and precede it in negative ones ('ne te dépêche pas').
- Learn the irregular verbs by heart: aller (vais), faire (faites), venir (viens), pouvoir (peux), vouloir (veux), savoir (sais).
- Note vous faites, vous dites, but nous savons.
Examples
Dépêche-toi, tu es en retard !
Hurry up, you are late!
Ne soyez pas inquiets.
Do not be worried.
Vous faites du bon travail.
You are doing good work.
Je ne sais pas si je peux venir demain.
I do not know if I can come tomorrow.
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